Conservation tillage and mulching effects on the adaptive capacity of direct-seeded upland rice (<italic>Oryza sativa</italic> L.) to alleviate weed and moisture stresses in the North Eastern Himalayan Region of India.

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of tillage and mulch on weed growth, soil moisture storage, productivity and profitability of upland rice during 2012-2013 at Lembucherra, India. Tillage treatments included CT-RI: conventional tillage with 100% residue incorporation and NT-RR: no-till with 100% residue retention. Mulches included rice straw (SM), <italic>Gliricidia</italic> (GM), brown manuring (BM) and none (NM). CT-RI registered the highest total weed density (89-168 weeds m⁻²) and biomass (9.6-183 g dry weight m⁻²) than those for the NT-RR (75-161 weed m⁻² and 8-155 g dry weight m⁻²). In addition, NT-RR stored (122-172 mm) more soil moisture (0-40 cm soil depth) in comparison with that for the CT-RI treatment (110-161 mm) during crop growing season. Tillage treatments did not have the significant effect on yields. NT-RR reduced the cost of cultivation by 31.5% compared with that for the CT-RI. Thus, the net returns under NT-RR were more than those for the CT-RI. The BM recorded the lowest weed biomass and density as compared to that under other mulches. Therefore, cultivation of upland rice using NT along with BM mulching enhanced productivity and profitability of rice cultivation in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]