Use of Nanoscale Materials for the Effective Prevention and Extermination of Bacterial Biofilms.

Biofilms have been shown to cause most human infections. The prevention and extermination of bacterial biofilms has always presented a major challenge in the clinic. The failure of traditional antibiotics and the development of bacterial resistance against these measures is on the rise. Nanoscale materials possess the advantage of presenting enhanced surface properties of bulk materials, and are emerging as effective agents for deterring microbial growth. This review article summarizes the fundamentals of bacterial growth, biofilm formation, mechanisms for antibacterial technologies, and usage of nanoparticles for the prevention and extermination of biofilms. Further research is required with respect to the appropriate usage of nanoparticles for the effective control of biofilms to save human lives and reduce healthcare costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]