Antibacterial mode of action of violacein from <italic>Chromobacterium violaceum</italic> UTM5 against <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> and methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MRSA).

Violacein, violet pigment produced by <italic>Chromobacterium violaceum</italic>, has attracted much attention recently due to its pharmacological properties including antibacterial activity. The present study investigated possible antibacterial mode of action of violacein from <italic>C. violaceum</italic> UTM5 against <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> and methicillin-resistant <italic>S. aureus</italic> (MRSA) strains. Violet fraction was obtained by cultivating <italic>C. violaceum</italic> UTM5 in liquid pineapple waste medium, extracted, and fractionated using ethyl acetate and vacuum liquid chromatography technique. Violacein was quantified as major compound in violet fraction using HPLC analysis. Violet fraction displayed bacteriostatic activity against <italic>S. aureus</italic> ATCC 29213 and methicillin-resistant <italic>S. aureus</italic> ATCC 43300 with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.9 μg/mL. Fluorescence dyes for membrane damage and scanning electron microscopic analysis confirmed the inhibitory effect by disruption on membrane integrity, morphological alternations, and rupture of the cell membranes of both strains. Transmission electron microscopic analysis showed membrane damage, mesosome formation, and leakage of intracellular constituents of both bacterial strains. Mode of action of violet fraction on the cell membrane integrity of both strains was shown by release of protein, K⁺, and extracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) with 110.5 μg/mL, 2.34 μg/mL, and 87.24 ng/μL, respectively, at 48 h of incubation. Violet fraction was toxic to human embryonic kidney (HEK293) and human fetal lung fibroblast (IMR90) cell lines with LC₅₀ value of 0.998 ± 0.058 and 0.387 ± 0.002 μg/mL, respectively. Thus, violet fraction showed a strong antibacterial property by disrupting the membrane integrity of <italic>S. aureus</italic> and MRSA strains. This is the first report on the possible mode of antibacterial action of violet fraction from <italic>C. violaceum</italic> UTM5 on <italic>S. aureus</italic> and MRSA strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]