Whale optimisation algorithm for automatic generation control of interconnected modern power systems including renewable energy sources.

Till this moment, the model of interconnected power systems in the automatic generation control (AGC) loops relies only on the synchronous generating units. In today's world, a high level of penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) is integrated to the power grids. This paper presents a novel power system model, which includes both conventional generating units and RES for studying the AGC problem of such systems. The control strategy in the AGC loops is based on the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, which is optimally designed by the whale optimization algorithm (WOA). It represents a great challenge to this controller to deal with the RES uncertainties. The effectiveness of the WOA-based PID controller is compared with other computation evolutionary algorithms-based PID controller. The system performance is evaluated under different operating conditions. For achieving a realistic study, 1) real wind speed data that extracted from Zafarana location in Egypt are used, 2) solar irradiation and temperature data that extracted from a field test are implemented, and 3) an irregular wave energy condition is applied. The validity of the control strategy is verified using the simulation results, which are carried out using MATLAB environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]