Satellite-retrieved direct radiative forcing of aerosols over North-East India and adjoining areas: climatology and impact assessment.

In order to understand the climatic implications of atmospheric aerosols, top of atmosphere (TOA) shortwave (SW, 0.3–5 μm) fluxes and aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm retrieved simultaneously by clouds and the earth's radiant energy system (CERES) and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments, respectively, are analysed over North-East India and its adjoining areas for the period July 2002–December 2013. The aerosol-free TOA flux obtained by establishing the linear regression between CERES SW TOA fluxes and MODIS AODs exhibits strong seasonality with peak values in monsoon and minimum in winter. Same seasonality is captured by the Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SBDART) model, but with difference in absolute values. SBDART code is used to extend instantaneous radiative forcing estimates into 24-h averages. AOD over the North East India region with complex terrain shows altitudinal variationwith maximum value at the lowest elevation site Dhaka and minimum value at the high-altitude locations Shillong and Aizwal. In general, strong seasonality in AOD is observed with a peak in pre-monsoon (March–May) and dip in post-monsoon (October–November) at all the locations. The direct instantaneous TOA shortwave aerosol radiative forcing (SWARF) shows maximum values in pre-monsoon over all the locations except at Guwahati, Banmauk, Aizawl, and Shillong. The lowest value of instantaneous SWARF is observed in post-monsoon except at Banmauk and Shillong. Climatologically TOA diurnally averaged SWARF varies between -6.95 W m^-2 in Aizawl to -20.39 W m^-2 in Shillong. In general, the TOA SW forcing efficiency is highest in monsoon at all the locations. The radiative forcing efficiency is found to be less negative when surface reflectance increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]