The networking practices of women managers in an emerging economy setting: negotiating institutional and social barriers.

Women managers face institutional and social barriers throughout their careers. In this research, we use networking and symbolic interactionism theories to explain how they network while negotiating these impediments in an emerging economy setting. Focus-group data revealed three themes. The women in our study, as predicted by networking theory, use networks to bolster career outcomes, although some also use non-influential networks or network ineffectively. Next, symbolic interactionism explains how expectations of, and personal reflections on, networking lead to a lack of confidence and feelings of guilt that can be career limiting. However, when women understand that their unique networking approach can be powerful, they gain social capital that enhances their leadership. Last, patriarchal cultures of emerging economy settings support stereotypical gender roles, leaving women conflicted between competition and mutual support, thus redefining the so-called Queen Bee phenomenon. We conclude by showing how women can use networking to enhance career and personal development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]