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Irregular meal-pattern effects on energy expenditure, metabolism, and appetite regulation: a randomized controlled trial in healthy normal-weight women.
- Source :
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition; 7/1/2016, Vol. 104 Issue 1, p21-32, 12p
- Publication Year :
- 2016
-
Abstract
- Background: Obesity is increasing in parallel with greater all-day food availability. The latter may promote meal irregularity, dysregulation of the energy balance, and poor metabolic health. Objective: We investigated the effect of meal irregularity on the thermic effect of food (TEF), lipid concentrations, carbohydrate metabolism, subjective appetite, and gut hormones in healthy women. Design: Eleven normal-weight women (18-40 y of age) were recruited in a randomized crossover trial with two 14-d isoenergetic diet periods (identical foods provided and free living) that were separated by a 14-d habitual diet washout period. In period 1, participants followed a regular meal pattern (6 meals/d) or an irregular meal pattern (3-9 meals/d), and in period 2, the alternative meal pattern was followed. Before and after each period, when participants were fasting and for 3 h after intake of a test drink, measurements were taken of energy expenditure, circulating glucose, lipids (fasting only), insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and ghrelin. An ad libitum test meal was offered. Subjective appetite ratings were assessed while fasting, after the test drink, after the ad libitum meal, and during the intervention. Continuous interstitial glucose monitoring was undertaken for 3 consecutive days during each intervention, and the ambulatory activity pattern was recorded (ambulatory energy expenditure estimation). Results: Regularity was associated with a greater TEF (P, 0.05) and a lower incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for glucose after intake of the test drink (over 3 h) and, for some identical meals, during the 2 interventions (over 90 min) (day 7: after breakfast; day 9: after lunch and dinner). There was no difference between treatments for the test-drink gut hormone response. A time effect was noted for fasting GLP-1, fasting PYY, PYY responses, and hunger-rating responses to the test drink (P < 0.05). Lower hunger and higher fullness ratings were seen premeal and post-meal during the regular period while subjects were free living. Conclusion: Meal regularity appears to be associated with greater TEF and lower glucose responses, which may favor weight management and metabolic health. This trial was registered at clinical-trials.gov as NCT02052076. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Subjects :
- BLOOD sugar analysis
ANALYSIS of variance
ANTHROPOMETRY
APPETITE
CALORIMETRY
CARBOHYDRATE metabolism
CHOLESTEROL
CLINICAL trials
CROSSOVER trials
ENERGY metabolism
FOOD habits
GASTROINTESTINAL hormones
HUNGER
INSULIN
PEPTIDE hormones
PROBABILITY theory
PSYCHOLOGICAL tests
QUESTIONNAIRES
RESEARCH funding
STATISTICAL sampling
SATISFACTION
STATISTICAL hypothesis testing
STATISTICS
T-test (Statistics)
GLUCAGON-like peptide 1
WEARABLE technology
STATISTICAL power analysis
DATA analysis
GHRELIN
BODY mass index
RANDOMIZED controlled trials
VISUAL analog scale
ACCELEROMETRY
PRE-tests & post-tests
INDEPENDENT living
REPEATED measures design
PHYSICAL activity
DATA analysis software
DESCRIPTIVE statistics
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 00029165
- Volume :
- 104
- Issue :
- 1
- Database :
- Complementary Index
- Journal :
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 116655629
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.125401