Treatment options in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer after BCG failure.

Bladder cancer is the ninth‑most prevalent cancer worldwide. Most patients with urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder present with non‑muscle‑invasive disease and are treated with bacillus Calmette‑Guérin (BCG) intravesical therapy. Many of these patients experience disease recurrence after BCG failure. Radical cystectomy is the recommended treatment for high‑risk patients failing BCG. However, many patients are unfit for or unwilling to undergo this procedure. We searched the published literature on the treatment of non‑muscle‑invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) after BCG failure. We review current evidence regarding intravesical therapy with gemcitabine, mitomycin combined with thermo‑chemotherapy, docetaxel, nab‑paclitaxel, photodynamic therapy (PDT), BCG with interferon (IFN), and combination sequentially administered chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]