Bioconversion of Cellulose into Electrical Energy in Microbial Fuel Cells

In microbial fuel cells (MFCs), bacteria generate electricity by mediating the oxidation of organic compounds and transferring the resulting electrons to an anode electrode. The objectives of this study were to: 1) test the possibility of generating electricity in an MFC with rumen microorganisms as biocatalysts and cellulose as the electron donor, 2) analyze the composition of bacterial communities enriched in cellulose-fed MFCs, 3) determine the effect of various external resistances on power output and coulombic efficiency of cellulose-fed MFCs, 4) evaluate bacterial diversity and cellulose metabolism under different circuit loads, 5) assess the influence of methane formation on the performance of cellulose-fed MFCs under long-term operation, and 6) characterize the diversity of methanogens in cellulose-fed MFCs. The results demonstrate that electricity can be generated from cellulose by exploiting rumen microorganisms as biocatalysts. Cloning and analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the most predominant bacteria in the anode-attached consortia were related to Clostridium spp., while Comamonas spp. abounded in the suspended consortia. Results suggest that oxidation of metabolites with the anode as an electron sink was a rate limiting step in the conversion of cellulose to electricity in MFCs.This study also shows that the size of external resistance significantly affects the bacterial diversity and power output of MFCs. A maximum power density of 66 mW/m2 was achieved by the 20-ohm MFCs, while MFCs with 249, 480 and1000 ohms external resistances produced 57.5, 53 and 47 mW/m2, respectively. Thus the external resistance may be a useful tool to control microbial communities and consequently enhance performance of MFCs. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that methanogenesis competes with electricity generation at the early stages of MFC operation but operating conditions suppress methanogenic activity over time. The suppression of methanogenesis was accompanied by a decrease in the diversity of methanogens and changes in the concentration of short chain fatty acids.An improved understanding of the microbial communities, interspecies interactions and processes involved in electricity generation is essential to effectively design and control cellulose-fed MFCs for enhanced performance. In addition, technical and biological optimization is needed to maximize power output of these systems.