Discipline and children with chronic illnesses: strategies to promote positive patient outcomes.

Children with end stage renal disease (ESRD) often present psychosocial problems that include noncompliance to treatment. Caregivers can, by understanding the various models of discipline, select proactive and reactive strategies to encourage cooperation. These strategies are grounded in discipline models that include biophysical, behavioral, humanistic, psychodynamic, ecological, psychoeducational, and cognitive models. This article describes various discipline procedures for children with chronic illness. It emphasizes discipline with dignity while empowering and involving children in their behavior management.