Melatonin efficacy in aviation missions requiring rapid deployment and night operations.

Background: The rapid deployment of Army aviation personnel across time zones, combined with missions beginning immediately upon arrival, results in desynchronization of physiological and cognitive performance rhythms. Implementation of effective countermeasures enhances safety, health, well-being, and mission completion. The naturally occurring hormone melatonin has been suggested as an effective counter measure for jet lag and shift lag because of its influence on the human circadian timing system and its hypnotic properties.
Methods: The efficacy of melatonin (10 mg) in maintaining stable sleep/wake cycles of Army aircrews was tested during a training mission involving rapid deployment to the Middle East and night operations. Cognitive performance was tested before and after travel; activity rhythms were recorded continuously for 13 d.
Results: Melatonin treatment advanced both bedtimes and rise times (2-3 h) and maintained sleep durations between 7-8 h. Placebo treatment was mostly associated with longer advances in rise times than bedtimes resulting in shorter sleep durations (5-7 h). Upon awakening, the melatonin group exhibited significantly fewer errors (mean: 7.45) than the placebo group (mean: 14.50) in a dual-task vigilance test.
Conclusion: Melatonin can be a useful treatment for the prevention of sleep disruptions and cognitive degradation, even in uncontrolled sleeping environments characteristic of military deployments.