A pilot investigation of bovine schistosomiasis on Unguja Island, Zanzibar, raises a new concern for elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis.

Our pilot parasitological investigation of cattle, supplemented with molecular DNA characterisation of encountered schistosomes, sheds first light upon bovine schistosomiasis on Unguja Island, Zanzibar. During February 2024, a total of 99 cattle were examined. Of these, 47 were exported animals from the Tanzanian mainland, designated for slaughter at two governmental abattoirs (Kisakasaka and Muwanda), and 52 were free-grazing animals sampled from four grazing locations within the island's North and West-B regions. Upon visual inspection of 31 cattle carcasses at Kisakasaka for adult worms, the prevalence of bovine schistosomiasis was 51.6%; however, upon faecal miracidia hatching test (MHT) it was 80.6%. At Muwanda, only faecal MHT was used, finding a much lower prevalence of 12.5%. In free-grazing animals, the prevalence of bovine schistosomiasis by MHT was 0.0%. At Muwanda, the animal quarantine paddock was in disrepair, inclusive of a large pond now acting as a watering point. Here, numerous Bulinus forskalii sp. were found. Whilst no snails were observed to shed schistosome cercariae, molecular xenomonitoring did detect a pre-patent infection prevalence of 10.8%, with Schistosoma bovis firmly incriminated. Molecular DNA characterisation of adult schistosomes (n = 19) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and high-resolution melt profiling, alongside DNA sequencing, also identified S. bovis, although two worms were putative S. bovis-S. mattheei hybrids. Atypical intrauterine eggs of S. bovis were noted upon microscopy of a worm pair. A broader screen of 92 miracidia confirmed S. bovis and three miracidia as S. bovis-S. mattheei hybrids. Contrasting with Pemba Island, Zanzibar, where autochthonous transmission of S. bovis can occur, bovine schistosomiasis on Unguja Island currently appears restricted to imported animals alone. However, the seminal detection of putative S. bovis-mattheei hybrids, alongside the current inadequate quarantine facilities at Muwanda, raises a new concern that such hybrid schistosomes may escape and enter the island's hinterland. Should this happen, surveillance and control of urogenital schistosomiasis on Unguja would be compromised and further complicated. We therefore strongly recommend immediate repair and improved maintenance of governmental animal quarantine facilities. Future epidemiological surveys of imported cattle are now well justified, not only to better understand the full repertoire of hybrid schistosomes present but also to develop appropriate mitigating interventions.
Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Schistosome surveillance is within a governmental mandate of the Zanzibar Ministry of Health. All cattle sampling used non-invasive faecal collection methods, and protocols were approved by the animal ethics committee of the Zanzibar Livestock Research Institute. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
(© 2025. The Author(s).)