Improving the Stability and Anti-Infective Activity of Sea Turtle AMPs Using Multiple Structural Modification Strategies.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are regarded as promising candidates for combating antimicrobial resistance. Previously we identified an AMP named Cm -CATH2 from the green sea turtle, which exhibited potent antibacterial activity and attractive potential in application. However, natural AMPs including Cm -CATH2 frequently suffer from structural instability and sensitivity to physiological conditions, limiting their effectiveness. Herein, we explored various strategies to enhance the efficacy and stability of Cm -CATH2, including peptide truncation, non-natural amino acid substitutions, disulfide bond-based cyclization, and stapled peptide techniques. The results demonstrated that the truncated NCM4 significantly improved the antimicrobial capability of Cm -CATH2 while also enhancing its anti-inflammatory and antibiofilm activities with minimal cytotoxicity. Further ornithine-substituted peptide oNCM markedly enhanced the stability of NCM4 without compromising its antimicrobial efficacy. This study successfully designed a lead peptide oNCM with significant development potential, while providing valuable insights into the advantages and limitations associated with diverse strategies for enhancing the stability of AMPs.