Cultural Influences, Experiences and Interventions Targeting Self-Management Behaviours for Prediabetes or Type 2 Diabetes in First-Generation Immigrants: A Scoping Review.

Aim: To map the existing evidence and identify research gaps regarding the self-management of prediabetes or type 2 diabetes among first-generation immigrants ≥ 18 years.
Design: A scoping review followed the JBI guidelines and was in accordance with the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews.
Methods: A systematic search of CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ProQuest, SCOPUS and the Web of Science was conducted. Grey literature and reference lists of included studies were searched for additional citations. Articles published in English from the database inception to February 2023 were included.
Results: We included 96 studies, of which 28.1% were published within the last 5 years. Most studies (71.9%) were conducted in the United States. Study participants were recruited mainly from community settings and English was their second language. The most common study methodologies used were cross-sectional surveys and phenomenological interviews. Only two studies specifically focussed on individuals with prediabetes. Multiple factors, such as age, gender, country of origin and other societal, linguistic, cultural and resource barriers or facilitators, as well as patient's cultural unique experiences, were of particular significance for self-management behaviours. Although several studies reported that culturally tailored interventions were feasible and acceptable among first-generation immigrants living with type 2 diabetes but not prediabetes, the duration and intensity of these interventions varied.
Conclusion: Health professionals should consider various demographic, societal, linguistic and cultural factors, such as participants' low English language proficiency, and provide appropriate support for this group to ensure better self-management behaviours. Tailoring interventions to individual and cultural preferences in collaboration with key stakeholders is crucial for adult immigrants with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes across diverse cultural and ethnic groups.
Impact: Developing and applying culturally tailored self-management interventions for the targeted population, particularly those with prediabetes, should be an important direction for future research. No Patient or Public Contribution.
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