Optogenetic control of dopamine receptor 2 reveals a novel aspect of dopaminergic neurotransmission in motor function.

Dopaminergic neurotransmission plays a crucial role in motor function through the coordination of dopamine receptor (DRD) subtypes, such as DRD1 and DRD2, thus the functional imbalance of these receptors can lead to Parkinson's disease. However, due to the complexity of dopaminergic circuits in the brain, it is limited to investigating the individual functions of each DRD subtype in specific brain regions. Here, we developed a light-responsive chimeric DRD2, OptoDRD2, which can selectively activate DRD2-like signaling pathways with spatiotemporal resolution. OptoDRD2 was designed to include the light-sensitive component of rhodopsin and the intracellular signaling domain of DRD2. Upon illumination with blue light, OptoDRD2 triggered DRD2-like signaling pathways, such as Gαi/o subtype recruitment, a decrease in cAMP levels, and ERK phosphorylation. To explore unknown roles of DRD2 in glutamatergic cell populations of basal ganglia circuitry, OptoDRD2 was genetically expressed in excitatory neurons in lateral globus pallidus (LGP) of the male mouse brain. The optogenetic stimulation of OptoDRD2 in the LGP region affected a wide range of locomotion-related parameters, such as increased frequency of movement and decreased immobility time, resulting in the facilitation of motor function of living male mice. Therefore, our findings indicate a potential novel role for DRD2 in the excitatory neurons of the LGP region, suggesting that OptoDRD2 can be a valuable tool enabling the investigation of unknown roles of DRD2 at specific cell types or brain regions. Significance Statement We developed a light-responsive chimeric dopamine receptor type 2, OptoDRD2, by combining the blue-light sensing part of rhodopsin and intracellular functional regions of DRD2. OptoDRD2 can selectively trigger DRD2-like downstream signaling pathways upon illumination of blue light. To explore unknown roles of DRD2 in glutamatergic cell populations of basal ganglia circuitry, OptoDRD2 was genetically expressed in excitatory neurons at lateral globus pallidus (LGP) in the mouse brain. Optogenetic stimulation of OptoDRD2 in living mice suggested a potential novel function of DRD2 in the LGP that enhances motor outputs. Therefore, OptoDRD2 enabled the precise control of DRD2-like signaling in specific cell types and brain regions, allowing the exploration of potential novel DRD2 functions in living mice.
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