Analysis of free-living seabirds from Brazil as potential hosts of Toxoplasma gondii and serological investigation for antibodies against Leptospira spp.

Dispersal patterns of zoonotic pathogens can be strongly influenced by mobility and contact among hosts. Toxoplasma gondii infection has been documented in many avian species, however, there is little information regarding free-living seabird populations. Leptospira can infect domestic and wild animals, with birds being potential carriers of the bacteria. The continental shelf of the southwestern Atlantic Ocean is a foraging area for seabirds that breed locally, as well as migratory seabirds wintering in the area, which may come into contact with each other in prey aggregation areas and contribute to T. gondii and Leptospira spread. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of two important zoonotic pathogens in free-living seabirds. Blood samples were collected from 322 birds of three local breeders (Phaethon aethereus, Sula leucogaster and S. dactylatra) in the eastern coast of Brazil (Abrolhos Archipelago), and two migratory species using the area during the pre-laying (Pterodroma arminjoniana) and the non-breeding periods (Thalassarche chlororhynchos). Serological agglutination tests for detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies were performed. None of the seabirds in this study was seroreactive to Leptospira spp., whereas 34.5% (n = 111) of the animals presented antibodies anti-T. gondii. Antibody titers in seropositive birds ranged from 10 to 640. There were seropositive birds in all sampled localities. This study provides the first records for P. arminjoniana and T. chlororhynchos as seropositive to T. gondii, suggesting their potential role as sentinels for the environmental contamination by T. gondii and also T. gondii infection. These findings indicate the circulation of the parasite in the Brazilian coastal and oceanic regions, probably due to the ingestion of T. gondii oocysts by birds, the epidemiological involvement of migratory birds as hosts of pathogens, as well as the role of the historical introduction of invasive vertebrates on Brazilian islands. Therefore, due to the serological evidence of infection, the dynamics of toxoplasmosis in seabirds, regarding their susceptibility towards the disease and the possible anthropogenic influence need to be better understood for the colonies to be included in the wildlife cycle of T. gondii.
Competing Interests: Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study adopted the Ethical Principles in Animal Research according to Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation and was approved by the Ethical Committee for Animal Research of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (Protocol No. 9959300821); Animal Use Ethical Committee at FURG (P040/2018) and Animal Use Ethical Committee at UFRGS (37905) with authorization of the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, Brazil (Sisbio No. 64381–2; 64234–9). Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.
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