Call to action for acute myocardial infarction in women: international multi-disciplinary practical roadmap.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death among women, and the incidence among younger women has shown the greatest increase over the last decades, in particular for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Moreover, the prognosis of women post-AMI is poor when compared with men of similar ages. Since the 1990s, an abundant literature has highlighted the existing differences between sexes with regard to presentation, burden, and impact of traditional risk factors and of risk factors pertaining predominantly to women, the perception of risk by women and men, and the pathophysiological causations, their treatment, and prognosis. These data that have been accumulated over recent years highlight several targets for improvement. The objective of this collaborative work is to define the actions required to reverse the growing incidence of AMI in women and improve the patient pathway and care, as well as the prognosis. We aim to provide practical toolkits for different health professionals involved in the care of women, so that each step, from cardiovascular risk assessment to symptom recognition, to the AMI pathway and rehabilitation, thus facilitating that from prevention to intervention of AMI, can be optimized.
Competing Interests: Conflict of interest S.M.S. has received consulting fees from Bayer, Organon, and Exeltis; has received lecture fees from Astra Zeneca, Bayer, BMS, Exeltis, and Organon; has served in the adjudication board for a study for Biotronik. M.H. has received consulting fees from Abbott, Shockwave, Boston Scientific, Acist, and Medtronic. S.B. has received fees for Advisory Board participation with Shockwave and SMT and lecture fees from Medtronic and Boston Scientific. M.K.-O. has received consulting fees from Sanofi, Astra Zeneca, Beohringer Ingelheim, Shockwave, and Boston Scientific. V.P. declares a research grant from Abbott via the institution; speaker fees from Abbott, Boston Scientific, and Lithix; and an educational grant from Terumo via the institution. P.S. declares consulting or lecture fees from Axis TV, BMS, Les Laboratoires Servier, Novartis, Novonordisk, and Sanofi, outside the submitted work. R.M. reports institutional research payments from Abbott, Affluent Medical, Alleviant Medical, Amgen, Boston Scientific, Bristol Myers Squibb, CardiaWave, Chiesi, Concept Medical, Daiichi Sankyo, Duke, Faraday, Idorsia, Janssen, MedAlliance, Medscape, Mediasphere, Medtelligence, Medtronic, Novartis, OrbusNeich, Pi-Cardia, Protembis, RM Global Bioaccess Fund Management, and Sanofi; personal fees from Affluent Medical, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi USA, Cordis, IQVIA, Medscape/WebMD Global, NovoNordisk, PeerView Institute for Medical Education, and Radcliffe. A.C. has received Speaker Consultant fees from Abiomed, Abbott Vasc, Boehringer, Boston Scientifioc, Medtronic, Menarini, and Penumbra. The remaining authors report no conflict of interest.
(© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.)