The Lancet Public Health Commission on gambling.

Competing Interests: Declaration of interests In the past 5 years, HW received grant funding for gambling-related research by the Economic and Social Research Council, National Institute for Health Research, Wellcome Trust, the Gambling Commission (including their regulatory settlement fund), Office of Health Disparities and Improvements–Public Health England, Greater London Authority, Greater Manchester Combined Authority, Blackburn with Darwen Local Authority, and the Department of Digital Culture Media and Sport; received funding from GambleAware for a project on gambling and suicide in 2018–19; received consulting fees from the Institute of Public Health, Ireland, and the National Institute for Economic and Social Research; received payment for delivery of seminars from McGill University, the University of Birmingham, Johns Hopkins University, and from the British Broadcasting Corporation; has been paid as an expert witness by Lambeth and Middlesborough Borough Councils; received travel costs paid by Gambling Regulators European Forum, the Turkish Green Crescent Society, Alberta Gambling Research Institute, the REITOX Academy (administered through the Austrian National Public Health Institute), and the University of Helsinki; served as Deputy Chair of the Advisory Board for Safer Gambling between 2015 and 2020, remunerated by the Gambling Commission; is a Member of the WHO panel on gambling (ongoing) and provided unpaid advice on research to GamCare for their Safer Gambling Standard (from 2019 until mid-2021); runs a research consultancy for public and third-sector bodies only; has not, and does not, provide consultancy services to gambling industry actors; in researching the gambling industry and their practices, HW declares occasional attendance at events where gambling industry actors are present (including industry-sponsored conferences); as part of her work on the Gambling Survey for Great Britain, HW is required by the Gambling Commission (the funder) to participate in events disseminating research findings to their stakeholders, which includes the industry; her attendance at events where industry is present is independently funded and does not involve collaborations or partnerships with industry. AR discloses grant funding for gambling-related projects from Suicide Prevention Australia, The Winston Churchill Memorial Trust, Australia's National Research Organisation for Women's Safety, Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation, Federation University Australia, and membership of the WHO panel on gambling; received funding for travel for the 2019 WHO meeting by the Turkish Green Crescent Society; received consultancy funding from WHO to prepare a factsheet on Gambling and conducted a paid peer reviews for Auckland University of Technology and the British Academic Forum for the Study of Gambling, administered via Gambling Research Exchange Ontario and funded through regulatory settlements. VM discloses grant funding for gambling-related projects from the Academy of Finland (projects 349589, 31834), the Finnish Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, and the Finnish Ministry of Justice; as a member of the Gambling Harms Evaluation Committee (2021–ongoing) and the Indicators for Gambling Harms work group (2019–21) under the Finnish Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, she interacts with the Finnish gambling monopoly to evaluate company products and practices and to analyse company data; discloses a fee for delivering a webinar from Bochum University, paid peer review from Routledge, and funding for travel from the Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies, University of Bergen, and the Council of Europe; provides consultation for public and third-sector actors, but not the gambling industry. CL discloses funding in the past 5 years for gambling-related research from the Royal Society for Public Health, Australian Research Council, Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education, and Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation; provided a paid consultancy report on electronic gambling machines gambling for a 2023 appeal against a decision of the Northern Territory (Australia) Licensing Commission to expand electronic gambling machine availability in venues in Alice Springs; received travel support from the Turkish Green Crescent Society to attend a WHO meeting in 2019 and travel support from Monash University to attend the Fourth WHO Forum on Alcohol, Drugs and Addictive Behaviours and to attend a Commission meeting in London; is a member of the WHO panel on gambling and was engaged as a consultant in 2023 to prepare a WHO Technical Brief on gambling and gambling disorder; is an Editorial Board Member of Critical Gambling studies; provided submissions to Royal Commissions and Inquiries into casinos and electronic gambling machine venues in the Australian states of Victoria, New South Wales, and Western Australia, and has been consulted by Ministers and Ministerial staff for the governments of New South Wales, Victoria, and the Australian Government in relation to reform of gambling regulation, in an unpaid capacity; provides policy advice to local governments and non-governmental organisations in relation to reform of gambling regulation (unpaid); does not provide advice to the gambling industry or members of its ecosystem. GR discloses funding for gambling-related projects from The British Academy, the Economic and Social Research Council, the National Institute for Health Research, The Medical Research Council, the Glasgow Centre for International Development, the Department of Culture Media and Sport; acted as an advisor for a project on gambling advertising carried out by the Institute of Social Marketing at the University of Stirling in 2018, funded by GambleAware; was a Commissioner on the Howard League for Penal Reform's Commission on Crime and Gambling Related Harms 2019–22; is currently a member of the WHO panel on gambling and an Associate Editor of the journal Critical Gambling Studies; and received travel and accommodation expenses paid by the Turkish Green Crescent Society, the University of Helsinki Centre for Research on Addiction, Control and Governance–Finnish Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, the University of Sydney (via the Australian Research Council), the University of Bremen, the Ruhr Universität, Bochum, Scottish Parliament, the UK Society for the Study of Addiction, and the Howard League for Crime and Penal Reform's Commission on Crime and Gambling Related Harms (via the Gambling Commission). CB discloses grant funding for gambling-related projects from The British Academy, The Economic and Social Research Council, the National Institute of Health Research, Blackburn with Darwen Local Authority, and the Department of Culture Media and Sport. KS discloses grant funding for gambling-related projects from the Indonesian Ministry of Research and Technology and the University of Indonesia; and is a member of the WHO panel on gambling. RV discloses grant funding for gambling-related projects from Massachusetts Gaming Commission, Connecticut Dept of Mental Health & Addiction Services, the Evergreen Council for Problem Gambling, The University of Massachusetts Donahue Institute, Gambling Research Exchange Ontario, NORC Boston, North Dakota Department of Health & Human Services, British Gambling Commission, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse and the Center for Gambling Studies, and Rutgers University; received consultancy fees from for gambling-related research from the National Centre for Social Research (UK), Gambling Research Exchange Ontario, and the Karolinska Institute; received honorarium from McGill University for delivery of a webinar, from the Evergreen Council on Problem Gambling, the Institut fur Glucksspiel und Gesellschaft, and New York State Council on Problem Gambling; and received travel costs from the Alberta Gambling Research Institute in 2022 and 2023 and from the Nigerian National Lotteries Regulatory Commission in 2023. DU discloses funding for gambling-related projects from the Wellcome Trust (via a fellowship award to HW) and Blackburn with Darwen Local Authority. BB discloses funding for gambling-related projects from the Wellcome Trust (via a fellowship award to HW), the National Institute for Health Research, and Blackburn with Darwen Local Authority; and is a member of the Academic Forum for Gambling Research, with remuneration provided by the Gambling Commission, via Gambling Research Exchange Ontario. VK discloses funding for gambling-related projects from the Wellcome Trust (via a fellowship award to HW), the Gambling Commission, and Gambling Research Exchange Ontario; and has received funding for travel from the RANGES network, funded by the Canadian government. JR discloses funding from Canadian Institutes of Health Research, US National Institutes of Health, EU, and WHO; and has received funding for travel from WHO. LD received untied educational grant funding from Indivior and Seqirus for the study of new opioid medications in Australia, in the past 5 years. SS has been a senior advisor to McKinsey Health Institute since 2023 for issues on mental health. JQ is employed by the School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong; the School of Public Health receives funding from the Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust outside of this project. JSY received funding for gambling-related research by the British Academy in 2020. VP was a staff member of WHO until 2024. All other authors declare no competing interests.