Local administration of immunotherapy for patients with skin cancer: A systematic review.

Since the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4 receptors, survival has improved significantly for patients with irresectable and metastatic skin cancer, including cutaneous squamous cell cancer and melanoma. However, systemic administration of these drugs is associated with immune related adverse events (irAEs), which can be severe, irreversible and even fatal. To reduce the risk of irAEs associated with systemic exposure to immunotherapeutic drugs, local administration of low doses could be considered. This systematic review provides an overview of early phase clinical trials with drugs that are currently under investigation for intratumoral administration in patients with melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: [T.D. de Gruijl: Consultancy/advisory board fees (all paid to institute): LAVA Therapeutics, Mendus, GE Health; research support: Idera Pharmaceuticals/Aceragen, BMS, Pfizer, Astra Zeneca; holds stocks from LAVA Therapeutics. C. Blank: Consultancy/advisory board fees (all paid to the institute): Bristol Muyers Squibb, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Merck; Research grants (all paid to the institute) 4SC, Nanostring Technologies; Advisory board fee (individual): Third Rock Ventures A.A.M. van der Veldt: consultancy fees (all paid to the institute): BMS, Eisai, Ipsen, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Roche, Sanofi. J.C. Janssen none, B. van Dijk none, D.J. Grünhagen none, L.L. Hoeijmakers none, W.M. Bramer none, C. Verhoef none].
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