Enhancing drilling fluid properties using biodegradable waste additives: A comprehensive study on water- and oil-based systems.

The growing concerns for environmental sustainability and the need for eco-friendly practices in the oil and gas industry have sparked the exploration and development of biodegradable drilling fluids. This review highlights the impact of biodegradable waste additives on drilling fluid properties and their cooperation in minimizing the environmental concerns related to drilling fluid disposals. The examined properties include plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP), mud weight (MW), fluid loss, and gel strength. The highest rate of PV (63 cP) and YP (109 lb/100 ft ² ) was attained by using 4% mandarin peel powder (MPP) while using 3% medium broad bean peel powder (MBBPP) and 0.3% prosopis farcta (PF) showed the lowest PV (4 cP) and YP (5 lb/100 ft ² ), respectively. Also, the viscosity changed as the particle sizes were changed using wheat nano-biopolymer at 0.5, 1, and 2%. Besides, the base sample had a linear relationship between shear rate and shear stress. However, in the presence of biodegradable particles, the viscosity decreased by increasing the shear rate. In addition, PV and YP were increased using wheat nano-biopolymer, while fluid loss and mud cake thickness were reduced. Further, the highest YP (i.e., 19 Pa) was attained by applying 50% Fe ₃ O ₄ nanoparticles derived from olive leaves. In comparison, the lowest mud cake thickness is observed by 1% (i.e., 1.81 mm), and the lowest filtration loss was 46.6% at the same concentration. The findings indicated that biodegradable waste additives provide an eco-friendly and cost-effective solution for improving the performance of oil- and water-based drilling fluid properties.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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