Low-salt diets and salt-free cooking help reduce exposure to Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).

Background: The ubiquity of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in various consumer and industrial products poses a significant public health challenge, but effective strategies to reduce human exposure to PFAS are limited.
Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the association between dietary patterns, specifically low-salt diets and salt-free cooking, and serum PFAS levels in the general population.
Methods: The study analyzed data from 11,137 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) using weighted linear regression. We assessed associations between low-salt or low-sodium dietary patterns and the way salt was used during cooking or food preparation and serum levels of five highly detectable PFAS compounds: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA). Since consuming fish and shellfish is a major source of PFAS exposure in humans, the intake status of these foods was adjusted for in the sensitivity analysis. Additionally, other sensitivity analyses, including propensity score matching, were conducted.
Results: The analyses showed a significant negative association between low-salt or low-sodium diet and serum levels of the five PFAS compounds. In contrast, regular use of salt in cooking or food preparation was significantly and positively associated with higher serum levels of PFAS. These findings were consistent across all models. Also consistent were the results of sensitivity analyses based on participants' consumption of fish and shellfish and propensity score matching.
Conclusions: Low-salt or low-sodium dietary patterns, and salt-free cooking may be are associated with a reduced risk of PFAS exposure in the general population. While this study offers new insights into mitigating PFAS exposure, further validation in additional datasets is necessary, along with confirmation through intervention studies designed based on this hypothesis.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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