Assessing suitability and stability of materials for a head and neck anthropomorphic multimodality (MRI/CT) phantoms for radiotherapy.

Objective: This study aims to identify and evaluate suitable and stable materials for developing a head and neck anthropomorphic multimodality phantom for radiotherapy purposes. These materials must mimic human head and neck tissues in both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and maintain stable imaging properties over time and after radiation exposure, including the high levels associated with linear accelerator (linac) use. Approach: Various materials were assessed by measuring their CT numbers and T1 and T2 relaxation times. These measurements were compared to literature values to determine how closely the properties of the candidate materials resemble those of human tissues in the head and neck region. The stability of these properties was evaluated monthly over a year and after radiation exposure to doses up to 1000 Gy. Statistical analyzes were conducted to identify any significant changes over time and after radiation exposure. Main results: 10% and 12.6% Polyvinyl alcohol cryogel (PVA-c) both exhibited T1 and T2 relaxation times and CT numbers within the range appropriate for brain grey matter. 14.3% PVA-c and some plastic-based materials matched the MRI properties of brain white matter, with CT numbers close to the clinical range. Additionally, some plastic-based materials showed T1 and T2 relaxation times consistent with MRI properties of fat, although their CT numbers were not suitable. Over time and after irradiation, 10% PVA-c maintained consistent properties for brain grey matter. 12.6% PVA-c's T1 relaxation time decreased beyond the range after the first month. Significance: This study identified 10% PVA-c as a substitute for brain grey matter, demonstrating stable imaging properties over a year and after radiation exposure up to 1000 Gy. However, the results highlight a need for further research to find additional materials to accurately simulate a wider range of human tissues.
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