Recycled lithium battery nanomaterials as a sustainable nanofertilizer: Reduced peanut allergenicity and improved seed quality.

The rapidly increasing amount of end-of-life lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO ₄ ) batteries has raised significant environmental concerns. This study offers a strategy for a paradigm shift by transforming this growing waste into a valuable resource by recycling discarded LiFePO ₄ batteries and safely integrating the materials into sustainable agriculture. We used five types of LiFePO ₄ (10, 50 mg kg ^-1 ) applied to soil planted with peanuts in a full-culture experiment. Our results show that addition of <50 mg kg ^-1 of recycled nano-LiFePO ₄ (rn-LiFePO ₄ ) has a multifaceted positive impact on peanut because of sustainable release of nutrients and nano-specific effects, not only enhancing photosynthesis and root growth but also increasing yield by 22 %-34 % while simultaneously elevating seed nutritional quality. Moreover, a remarkable reduction (up to 99.78 % at 10 mg kg ^-1 rn-LiFePO ₄ ) in the expression of allergen genes was evident following exposure to LiFePO ₄ , which showed a significant negative correlation with Fe content in the seeds. The decreased peanut allergen gene expression was mediated by a downregulation of metabolites associated with protein digestion and absorption. Furthermore, rhizosphere soil immune system enhancement may indirectly enhance immune responses to peanut allergy. This study suggests the significant potential of nanoscale LiFePO ₄ recycled from Li battery, including enhancing crop yield quality and mitigating peanut allergy concerns while simultaneously addressing a growing waste stream of concern.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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