Impaired lung function and associated risk factors in children born prematurely: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Immature lung development and respiratory morbidity place preterm-born children at high risk of long-term pulmonary sequelae. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to quantify lung function in preterm-born children and identify risk factors for a compromised lung function.
Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Scopus for relevant studies published on preterm cohorts born since 1990. Studies comparing forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV ₁ ) in preterm-born children aged ≥5 years to term-born controls or normative data were included. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies. Standardised mean differences in FEV ₁ and secondary spirometry outcomes per study were pooled using meta-analysis. The impact of different demographic and neonatal variables on studies' FEV ₁ effect sizes was investigated by meta-regression analyses. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations framework.
Results: We identified 42 studies with unique cohorts including 4743 preterm children and 9843 controls. Median gestational age in the studies was 28.0 weeks and age at assessment ranged from 6.7 to 16.7 years. Preterm children had lower FEV ₁ than controls (-0.58 sd, 95% CI -0.69- -0.47 sd, p<0.001) resulting in a relative risk of 2.9 (95% CI 2.4-3.4) for abnormal outcome, with high certainty of evidence. FEV ₁ was significantly associated with gestational age, birthweight, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and invasive mechanical ventilation in univariate meta-regression analyses (R ² =36-96%).
Conclusion: This systematic review shows robust evidence of impaired lung function in preterm-born children with a high certainty of evidence.
Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: M. Königs reports grants from GSK, KNVB and Daan Theeuwes Center for Intensive Neurorehabilitation, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and Applied University for Physiotherapy SOMT, and their partner has stock options in Open Up BV, a psychological care provider. All other authors have nothing to disclose.
(Copyright ©The authors 2024.)