Use of fentanyl test strips by people who inject drugs: Baseline findings from the South Atlantic Fentanyl Test Strip Study (SAFTSS).

Background: Research published during the early fentanyl period exposed a growing concern of unwitting fentanyl exposure and a general willingness to use fentanyl test strips (FTS). A paucity of FTS studies over the last several years has restricted our ability to understand FTS use in the late fentanyl era. The South Atlantic FTS Study (SAFTSS) was established to investigate contemporaneous changes in FTS use and drug use behavior among a rural cohort of PWID.
Methods: Between June 2021 and March 2022, a total of 541 PWID completed an in-person survey. Baseline survey questions included demographics, socioeconomic characteristics, and drugs used. FTS questions covered lifetime use, past 6-months, and past 30-day use and included reasons for using FTS, levels of access, and confidence testing illicit opioids and stimulants. Multivariable analyses examined significant baseline correlates of lifetime and 30-day FTS use.
Results: Overall, more than half (58%; N=315) used FTS in their lifetime. Among lifetime FTS users, almost half (47%) used FTS in the past 6 months and 30% in the past 30 days, with an average of 13 months from last FTS use and the baseline survey. The most common reason for not using FTS was "not having them with me when I use drugs." Less frequent reasons were "I already know it's fentanyl" followed by "FTS take too much time to use." Among past 30-day FTS users, 74% used FTS on heroin, 55% on methamphetamine, and 33% on fentanyl. Consumer confidence using FTS was higher with illicit opioids (66%) but lower for methamphetamine (43%). In both the lifetime and past 30-day models, PWID with FTS use were more likely than non-users to have witnessed an overdose in the past six months (lifetime aOR = 2.85, p<.001; 30-day aOR=2.57, p<.01). Virtually no differences in drug use behaviors were found when comparing past 30-days FTS use to no FTS use. Women (aOR=1.68, p<.05) and non-white PWID (aOR=2.43, p<.05) were more likely than men and white PWID to have used FTS.
Conclusions: Declines in FTS use are consistent with what syringe services programs have been signaling for years. Needs assessments to gauge interest in FTS before scaling up can help ensure funding better spent on naloxone and syringes is not allocated to idle FTS. Increased FTS among women and racial minorities presents opportunities for tailored interventions. Recognizing trauma associated with witnessing overdoses as a growing component of the opioid epidemic is a critical first step toward addressing the full spectrum of drug-related harm.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
(Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)