A chitosan-based near-infrared ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe created by molecular assembly with applications in hypochlorous acid detection in live mouse.

Hypochlorous acid (HClO/ClO ^- ) is a key reactive oxidative species (ROS) in the body. The HClO/ClO ^- concentrations are imbalanced during cancer formation due to the ROS stress response. This paper introduces a novel chitosan-based self-calibration fluorescent nanoprobe (ChCyNil) constructed by molecular assembly for the ratiometric detection of HClO/ClO ^- . Two chromophores with different fluorescence characteristics and HClO/ClO ^- sensitivity were labeled on chitosan, and nanoparticles were prepared by a self-assembly strategy for HClO/ClO ^- detection. ChCyNil exhibits several advantages, such as dual near-infrared emissions at 670 nm and 845 nm, tunable fluorescence intensity, self-calibration fluorescence, and good biocompatibility, improving its accuracy in HClO/ClO ^- detection. Our study confirmed that ChCyNil exhibits a well-assembled spheroidal nanostructure and good photophysical properties in solution. The fluorescence imaging properties were further proved by detecting endogenous HClO/ClO ^- produced by LPS/PMA stimuli in cells and zebrafish. In addition, ChCyNil was used to detect the fluorescence behavior of HClO/ClO ^- in tumors of live mice. The successful design and fabrication of ChCyNil have presented a new strategy for constructing detection tools with improved fluorescence properties for HClO/ClO ^- in live animals.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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