Photobiomodulation associated with alginate-based engineered tissue on promoting chondrocytes-derived biological responses for cartilage regeneration.

Articular cartilage is a connective tissue with limited self-healing potential, frequently affected by trauma and degenerative changes, leading to osteoarthritis. Photobiomodulation paired with engineered tissue can improve cartilage's poor intrinsic healing and overcome its restricted self-regeneration. In this study, alginate-based scaffolds were fabricated with varying concentrations of CaCl₂ to achieve optimal mechanical, biocompatible, and biodegradable properties. The fluence-dependence of near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation (830 nm) on chondrocyte viability and proliferation was investigated in a 2D environment across fluences (2.5-10 J/cm ² ). Optimal conditions of 3 % w/v CaCl₂ and 5 J/cm ² were identified to construct alginate scaffolds and promote chondrocyte growth in 2D and 3D cultures. Single PBM (830 nm, 5 J/cm ² ) further exhibited a significant relative intensity of collagen type II immunostaining and stimulation of Col2a1 expression in 2D culture. Multiple PBM sessions (830 nm, 5 J/cm ² ) significantly enhanced chondrocyte proliferation and glycosaminoglycan production in alginate scaffolds, with a protocol of one session every four days being the most effective. Scanning electron microscopy revealed PBM-induced secretory granule formation, corresponding to a significant increase in extracellular vesicle release. Consequently, integrating PBM and alginate-based scaffolds is a promising technique for accelerating and optimizing cartilage regeneration, with potential application in tissue engineering.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest There are no conflicts to declare.
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