Long-term impact of maternal prenatal smoking on EEG brain activity and internalizing/externalizing problem symptoms in young adults.

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of smoking during pregnancy on the development of the child. While previous research has established its detrimental effects during early childhood, understanding potential long-term consequences into adulthood remains limited. This study specifically aimed to explore the influence of prenatal smoking exposure on brain activity and whether internalizing and externalizing symptoms are influenced by prenatal smoking exposure in a cohort of young adults.
Methods: Utilizing data from 176 participants (mean age M = 24.68, SD = 0.49) and their mothers enrolled in a longitudinal risk study (MARS), we employed Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMMs) to analyze electroencephalography (EEG) power at rest and behavioral outcomes derived from the Young Adult-Self-Report (YASR) scales. Both covariate-unadjusted and -adjusted models were used, taking into account participant variables such as sex and age, as well as maternal factors like psychopathology and alcohol consumption, in addition to smoking and alcohol intake by the participants themselves.
Results: The study revealed a significant impact of prenatal smoking on delta and theta band power, indicating decreased slower brain activity in prenatally exposed individuals compared to unexposed counterparts. Additionally, individuals exposed to prenatal smoking exhibited significantly higher levels of externalizing behavior. While this association was strongly influenced by maternal psychopathology, the child's gender, and the child's own substance use, the effect on delta power band remained after adjusting for covariates.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that prenatal smoking exposure may have enduring effects on brain activity patterns in young adulthood. Conversely, the influence on externalizing behaviors depended on familial factors (maternal psychopathology) and the lifestyle of the individual (substance use).
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Tobias Banaschewski served in an advisory or consultancy role for Lundbeck, Medice, Neurim Pharmaceuticals, Oberberg GmbH, Shire. He received conference support or speaker’s fee by Lilly, Medice, Novartis and Shire. He has been involved in clinical trials conducted by Shire and Viforpharma. He received royalties from Hogrefe, Kohlhammer, CIP Medien, Oxford University Press. Daniel Brandeis serves as an unpaid scientific consultant for an EU-funded neurofeedback trial. The present work is unrelated to the above grants and relationships. The other authors report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.
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