Raman spectroscopy combined with machine learning and chemometrics analyses as a tool for identification atherosclerotic carotid stenosis from serum.

Atherosclerosis carotid stenosis (ACS) is one of the main causes of stroke. Unfortunately, the highest number of people go to the doctor with an advanced disease or as a result of a stroke, because carotid atherosclerosis does not cause obvious symptoms. Therefore, it is important to find a diagnostic method to detect the disease during routine tests (using blood or serum). Consequently, in this article, Raman spectroscopy was tested as a potential diagnostic method. Indeed, Raman spectra of serum collected from ACS and control patients showed decrease of Raman peak around 1520 cm ^-1 and increase of peak around 3050 cm ^-1 in people with ACS. Moreover in people with ACS shift of peaks originating from amides II, I and lipids vibrations were noticed in comparison with control group. Interestingly, decision tree algorithm showed that peaks at 1656 cm ^-1 and 2957 cm ^-1 could be a spectroscopy markers of atherosclerotic carotid stenosis. Continuing, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) clearly showed distinguishing between serum collected from ACS and control patients, while machine learning algorithms showed high value of accuracy, sensitivity and selectivity (more than 90 %). Finally, value of area under the curve of Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUC-ROC) showed value of 0.81 for Raman range between 800 cm ^-1 and 1800 cm ^-1 and 0.86 for 2800 cm ^-1 -3000 cm ^-1 range. Obtained results clearly showed possibility of Raman spectroscopy in detection of ACS from serum.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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