Post traumatic stress and sleep disorders in long COVID: Patient management and treatment.

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and sleep disorders are prevalent among patients with long COVID. The intersection of PTSD and/or sleep disorders with long COVID is complex. Thus, use of a biopsychosocial lens for assessment and treatment along with a trauma-informed approach to clinical care is recommended. This review provides an overview of the literature on PTSD and sleep disorders among patients with long COVID, including prevalence rates, risk factors, and potential pathophysiology. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options are reviewed. Also, we provide actionable steps clinicians can integrate into their practice to help effectively assess and treat PTSD and sleep disorders, including validated symptom assessments, recommended referrals, and specific components of non-pharmacological interventions.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Lindsey M. Knowles reports financial support was provided by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Janna L. Friedly, Jessica A. Bender, Nicole L. Gentile reports financial support was provided by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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