Prevalence and molecular characterization of ESBL/pAmpC producing faecal Escherichia coli strains with widespread detection of CTX-M-15 isolated from healthy poultry flocks in Eastern Algeria.

The intensification of livestock farming has led to the widespread use of massive amounts of antibiotics worldwide. Poultry production, including white meat, eggs and the use of their manure as fertiliser, has been identified as one of the most crucial reservoirs for the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria, including E. coli in poultry as an important opportunistic pathogen representing the greatest biological hazard to human and wildlife health. Thus, this study aimed to analyse E. coli in the faecal carriage of healthy poultry flocks and to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of antimicrobial resistance, including integrons genes and phylogenetic groups. A total of 431 cloacal swabs from apparently healthy poultry from four regions in Eastern Algeria from December 2021 to October 2022. 360 E. coli were isolated; from broilers (n = 151), broiler breeders (n = 91), laying hens (n = 72), and breeding hens (n = 46). Among this, 281 isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype, 17 of the 360 E. coli isolates exhibited ESBL, and one isolate exhibited both ESBL/pAmpC. A representative collection of 183 among 281 MDR E. coli was selected for further analysis by PCR to detect genes encoding resistance to different antibiotics, and sequencing was performed on all positive PCR products of bla _CTX-M and bla _CMY-2 genes. Phylogenetic groups were determined in 80 E. coli isolates (20 from each of the four kinds of poultry). The bla _CTX-M gene was found in 16 (94.11 %) ESBL-producing E. coli isolates within 11 strains co-expressing the bla _SHV gene and 8 strains co-expressing the bla _TEM gene. Sequence analysis showed frequent diversity in CTX-M-group-1, with bla _CTX-M-15 being the most predominant (n = 11), followed by bla _CTX-M-1 (n = 5). The bla _CMY-2 gene was detected only in one ESBL/pAmpC isolate. Among the 183 tested isolates, various antimicrobial resistance genes were found (number of strains) bla _TEM (n = 121), bla _SHV (n = 12), tetA (n = 100), tetB (n = 29), sul1(n = 67), sul2 (n = 32), qnrS (n = 45), qnrB (n = 10), qnrA (n = 1), catA1(n = 13), aac-(6')-Ib (n = 3). Furthermore, class 1 and class 2 integrons were found in 113 and 2 E. coli, respectively. The isolates were classified into multiple phylogroups, including A (35 %), B1 (27.5 %), B2 and D each (18.75 %). The detection of integrons and different classes of resistance genes in the faecal carriage of healthy poultry production indicates that commensal E. coli could potentially act as a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance, posing a significant One Health challenge encompassing the interconnected domains of human, animal health and the environment. Here, we present the first investigation to describe the diversity of bla _CTX-M producing E. coli isolates with widespread detection of CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-1 in healthy breeders (Broiler and breeding hens) in Eastern Algeria.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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