Brain glycogen build-up measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in classic infantile Pompe disease.

Classic infantile Pompe disease is caused by abnormal lysosomal glycogen accumulation in multiple tissues, including the brain due to a deficit in acid α-glucosidase. Although treatment with recombinant human acid α-glucosidase has dramatically improved survival, recombinant human acid α-glucosidase does not reach the brain, and surviving classic infantile Pompe patients develop progressive cognitive deficits and white matter lesions. We investigated the feasibility of measuring non-invasively glycogen build-up and other metabolic alterations in the brain of classic infantile Pompe patients. Four classic infantile patients (8-16 years old) and 4 age-matched healthy controls were scanned on a 7 T MRI scanner. We used T ₂ -weighted MRI to assess the presence of white matter lesions as well as ¹ H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging to obtain the neurochemical profile and its spatial distribution, respectively. All patients had widespread white matter lesions on T ₂ -weighted images. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy data from a single volume of interest positioned in the periventricular white matter showed a clear shift in the neurochemical profile, particularly a significant increase in glycogen (result of acid α-glucosidase deficiency) and decrease in N -acetyl-aspartate (marker of neuronal damage) in patients. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging results were in line and showed a widespread accumulation of glycogen and a significant lower level of N -acetyl-aspartate in patients. Our results illustrate the unique potential of ¹ H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (imaging) to provide a non-invasive readout of the disease pathology in the brain. Further study will assess its potential to monitor disease progression and the correlation with cognitive decline.
Competing Interests: H.E.K. reports research support from Philips Healthcare and trial support from ImagingDMD. No personal fees were received, and all revenues go to the LUMC. A.T.v.d.P., J.M.P.v.d.H. and N.A.M.E.v.d.B. received funding from Sanofi Genzyme, and A.T.v.d.P. and N.A.M.E.v.d.B. received funding form Amicus Therapeutics and Spark Therapeutics under agreements with Erasmus MC University Medical Center. No personal fees were received, and all revenues were dedicated to research, clinical trials and as advisor under agreements with Erasmus MC University Medical Center.
(© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain.)