Intercalation of multilayered Ti 3 C 2 T x  electrode doped with vanadium for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of dopamine in biological samples.

The electrochemical detection characteristics of the layered Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x material were enhanced by modifying its surface. Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x is used as the Ti - F chemical bond weakens with increasing pH levels. Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x is alkalinized by KOH, and F is substituted for - OH. The surface hydroxyl groups can be eliminated by intercalating K ⁺ . This study elaborates on the hydrothermal production of vanadium-doped layered Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x nanosheets intercalated with K ⁺ . The development of a sensitive dopamine electrochemical sensor is outlined by intercalating a vanadium-doped multilayered K ⁺ Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x electrode. The chemical, surface, and structural composition of the synthesized electrode for dopamine detection was investigated and confirmed. The sensor exhibits a linear range (1-10 µM), a low detection limit (8.4 nM), and a high sensitivity of 2.746 µAµM ^-1 cm ^-2 under optimal electrochemical testing conditions. The sensor also demonstrates exceptional anti-interference capabilities and stability. The sensor was applied to detection of dopamine in (spiked) rat brains, human serum, and urine samples. This study introduces a novel approach by utilizing K ⁺ intercalation of vanadium-doped Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x -based electrochemical sensors and an innovative method for dopamine detection. The dopamine detection revealed the potential of (V0.05) K ⁺ Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x -GCE for practical application in pharmaceutical sample analysis.
(© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)