Evolution and mutational landscape of highly pathogenic avian influenza strain A(H5N1) in the current outbreak in the USA and global landscape.

The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza strain A (H5N1) in the USA is a high concern. Here, we illustrated the evolution, divergence, transmission pattern, infection pattern, entropy diversity, nucleotide diversity, and mutational landscape of HPAI(H5N1). We depicted three phylogenetic trees, i.e., from three perspectives: considering the HPAI H5N1 genome of the current outbreak in the USA (n = 971), considering the HPAI H5N1 spared in different hosts (cattle, hunan, avian, and nonhuman primates) and using the global genome sequences (n = 3154). We found that the clade 2.3.4.4b was responsible for the present infection. We noted that the USA's divergence rate is 3.43e- ³ subs per site per year, and the global divergence rate is 5.21e- ³ subs per site per year. We reported significant nucleotide changes to illustrate the genome. Similarly, we observe several point mutations in some proteins, such as PB2, PA, HA, NA, and NS1. Among point mutations, some common mutations are noted in PB2 (E362G, M631L) and PA (L219I, K497R). However, elimination strategies should be a high priority for dairy farm workers, domestic cattle, and poultry birds to limit future outbreaks.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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