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Ginsenoside Rh 2 Alleviates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Binding to TLR 4 /MD-2 and Blocking TLR 4 Dimerization.
- Source :
-
International journal of molecular sciences [Int J Mol Sci] 2024 Sep 02; Vol. 25 (17). Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Sep 02. - Publication Year :
- 2024
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Abstract
- Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers a severe systemic inflammatory reaction in mammals, with the dimerization of TLR <subscript>4</subscript> /MD-2 upon LPS stimulation serving as the pivotal mechanism in the transmission of inflammatory signals. Ginsenoside Rh <subscript>2</subscript> (G-Rh <subscript>2</subscript> ), one of the active constituents of red ginseng, exerts potent anti-inflammatory activity. However, whether G-Rh <subscript>2</subscript> can block the TLR <subscript>4</subscript> dimerization to exert anti-inflammatory effects remains unclear. Here, we first investigated the non-cytotoxic concentration of G-Rh <subscript>2</subscript> on RAW 264.7 cells, and detected the releases of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells, and then uncovered the mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory activity of G-Rh <subscript>2</subscript> through flow cytometry, fluorescent membrane localization, Western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Our results show that G-Rh <subscript>2</subscript> stimulation markedly inhibited the secretion of LPS-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO). Additionally, G-Rh <subscript>2</subscript> blocked the binding of LPS with the membrane of RAW 264.7 cells through direct interaction with TLR <subscript>4</subscript> and MD-2 proteins, leading to the disruption of the dimerization of TLR <subscript>4</subscript> and MD-2, followed by suppression of the TLR <subscript>4</subscript> /NF-κB signaling pathway. Our results suggest that G-Rh <subscript>2</subscript> acts as a new inhibitor of TLR <subscript>4</subscript> dimerization and may serve as a promising therapeutic agent against inflammation.
- Subjects :
- Animals
Mice
RAW 264.7 Cells
Protein Binding
Inflammation metabolism
Inflammation drug therapy
Inflammation chemically induced
Anti-Inflammatory Agents pharmacology
Anti-Inflammatory Agents chemistry
Molecular Docking Simulation
Signal Transduction drug effects
Macrophages drug effects
Macrophages metabolism
Nitric Oxide metabolism
Interleukin-6 metabolism
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha metabolism
Ginsenosides pharmacology
Ginsenosides chemistry
Toll-Like Receptor 4 metabolism
Lipopolysaccharides
Lymphocyte Antigen 96 metabolism
Lymphocyte Antigen 96 chemistry
Protein Multimerization drug effects
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1422-0067
- Volume :
- 25
- Issue :
- 17
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- International journal of molecular sciences
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 39273493
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179546