Overcoming challenges of managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in low- and middle-income countries.

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ranks among the top three global causes of death, with 90% of fatalities concentrated in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The projected rise in COPD burden, especially in LMICs, emphasizes the need to address the challenges for effective control and reversal of this trend. We aimed to provide an overview, and propose potential solutions to these challenges.
Areas Covered: We highlight the challenges faced in managing COPD in LMICs and put forward the potential approaches to mitigate the same.
Expert Opinion: In LMICs, the effective management of COPD encounters numerous barriers. These include limited access to critical diagnostic services, inadequately trained healthcare personnel, shortages of inhaler medications, oxygen therapy, insufficient access to vaccines, and pulmonary rehabilitation programs. Compounding the above challenges is the late presentation due to misdiagnosis by health workers, and limited access to vital diagnostics. Moreover, the pharmacological armamentarium for optimal COPD therapy, notably inhaled therapies, face constraints in both access and affordability. We propose multi-level and multifaceted interventions to address the urgent need for enhanced respiratory care, human resource capacity building, relevant diagnostic approaches, increased access to medications, government, regional and global efforts to achieve optimal COPD management in LMICs.