Investigating the NH 4 + Preintercalation and Surface Coordination Effects on MnO 2 for Ammonium-Ion Supercapacitors.

Ion preintercalation is an effective method for fine-tuning the electrochemical characteristics of electrode materials, thereby enhancing the performance of aqueous ammonium-ion hybrid supercapacitors (A-HSCs). However, much of the current research on ion preintercalation lacks controllability, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we employ a two-step electrochemical activation approach, involving galvanostatic charge-discharge and cyclic voltammetry, to modulate the preintercalation of NH ₄ ⁺ in MnO ₂ . An in-depth analysis of the electrochemical activation mechanism is presented. This two-step electrochemical activation approach endows the final MnO ₂ /AC electrode with a high capacitance of 917.4 F g ^-1 , approximately 2.4 times higher than that of original MnO ₂ . Furthermore, the MnO ₂ /AC electrode retains approximately 93.4% of its capacitance after 10 000 cycles at a current density of 25 mA cm ^-2 . Additionally, aqueous A-HSC, comprising MnO ₂ /AC and P-MoO ₃ , achieves a maximum energy density of 87.6 Wh kg ^-1 . This study offers novel insights into the controllable ion preintercalation approach via electrochemical activation.