A Comparison of Throwing Arm Kinetics and Ball Velocity in High School Pitchers With Overall Fast and Overall Slow Cumulative Joint and Segment Velocities.

Background: Individual maximum joint and segment angular velocities have shown positive associations with throwing arm kinetics and ball velocity in baseball pitchers.
Purpose: To observe how cumulative maximum joint and segment angular velocities, irrespective of sequence, affect ball velocity and throwing arm kinetics in high school pitchers.
Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study.
Methods: High school (n = 55) pitchers threw 8 to 12 fastball pitches while being evaluated with 3-dimensional motion capture (480 Hz). Maximum joint and segment angular velocities (lead knee extension, pelvis rotation, trunk rotation, shoulder internal rotation, and forearm pronation) were calculated for each pitcher. Pitchers were classified as overall fast, overall slow, or high velocity for each joint or segment velocity subcategory, or as population, with any pitcher eligible to be included in multiple subcategories. Kinematic and kinetic parameters were compared among the various subgroups using t tests with post hoc regressions and multivariable regression models created to predict throwing arm kinetics and ball velocity, respectively.
Results: The lead knee extension and pelvis rotation velocity subgroups achieved significantly higher normalized elbow varus torque ( P = .016) and elbow flexion torque ( P = .018) compared with population, with equivalent ball velocity ( P = .118). For every 1-SD increase in maximum pelvis rotation velocity (87 deg/s), the normalized elbow distractive force increased by 4.7% body weight (BW) ( B = 0.054; β = 0.290; P = .013). The overall fast group was older (mean ± standard deviation, 16.9 ± 1.4 vs 15.4 ± 0.9 years; P = .007), had 8.9-mph faster ball velocity (32.7 ± 3.1 vs 28.7 ± 2.3 m/s; P = .002), and had significantly higher shoulder internal rotation torque (63.1 ± 17.4 vs 43.6 ± 12.0 Nm; P = .005), elbow varus torque (61.8 ± 16.4 vs 41.6 ± 11.4 Nm; P = .002), and elbow flexion torque (46.4 ± 12.0 vs 29.5 ± 6.8 Nm; P < .001) compared with the overall slow group. A multiregression model for ball velocity based on maximum joint and segment angular velocities and anthropometrics predicted 53.0% of variance.
Conclusion: High school pitchers with higher maximum joint and segment velocities, irrespective of sequence, demonstrated older age and faster ball velocity at the cost of increased throwing shoulder and elbow kinetics.
Clinical Relevance: Pitchers and coaching staff should consider this trade-off between faster ball velocity and increasing throwing arm kinetics, an established risk factor for elbow injury.
Competing Interests: One or more of the authors has declared the following potential conflict of interest or source of funding: B.D. is a previous paid employee of Motus Global. J.J.R. has received hospitality payments from Smith + Nephew and grants from Arthrex. B.J.E. has received support for education from Arthrex, Smith + Nephew, Pinnacle, and Gotham Surgical; and consulting fees from DePuy Synthes. M.C.C. has received support for education from Paladin Technology Solutions and Liberty Surgical. M.G.C. has received grants from Arthrex and DJO. J.S.D. has received consulting fees from Arthrex, Linvatec Corp, Trice Medical, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Wright Medical; royalties from Zimmer Biomet and Linvatec Corp; research support from Arthrex; and a gift from Trice Medical; he was previously an unpaid consultant for Motus Global. AOSSM checks author disclosures against the Open Payments Database (OPD). AOSSM has not conducted an independent investigation on the OPD and disclaims any liability or responsibility relating thereto.