Putting It All Together: The Roles of Ribosomal Proteins in Nucleolar Stages of 60S Ribosomal Assembly in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae .

Here we review the functions of ribosomal proteins (RPs) in the nucleolar stages of large ribosomal subunit assembly in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . We summarize the effects of depleting RPs on pre-rRNA processing and turnover, on the assembly of other RPs, and on the entry and exit of assembly factors (AFs). These results are interpreted in light of recent near-atomic-resolution cryo-EM structures of multiple assembly intermediates. Results are discussed with respect to each neighborhood of RPs and rRNA. We identify several key mechanisms related to RP behavior. Neighborhoods of RPs can assemble in one or more than one step. Entry of RPs can be triggered by molecular switches, in which an AF is replaced by an RP binding to the same site. To drive assembly forward, rRNA structure can be stabilized by RPs, including clamping rRNA structures or forming bridges between rRNA domains.