Optimization and characterization of brown seaweed alginate for antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties.

Alginate is a natural polysaccharide obtained from brown seaweeds and having advantageous health usefulness, was employed extensively in nutraceutical sectors and the pharmaceutical industry. This research was devoted for optimization of alginate extraction from different brown seaweeds. A Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used for the optimization of alginate extraction from Padina pavonica by analyzing the influence of temperature (30, 40, and 50 °C), time (60, 120, and 180 min), and alkaline concentration (1 %, 2 %, and 3 %) on extraction yield and uronic acid content. The optimal conditions recorded to maximize the alginate yield and its uronic content were an alkali concentration of 2.5 % and a temperature of 39.95 °C for 102.5 min. The optimized parameters achieved from BBD were used to compare alginate extraction from P. pavonica, Sargassum cinereum, Turbinaria turbinata, and Dictyota dichotoma. FTIR, ¹ H NMR, and HPLC were used to characterize the extracted alginate. The bioactivity of alginate against free radicals, breast cancer cells (MCF-7), some pathogenic microbes, and SARS-CoV-2 viruses was tested. Under the optimized conditions, alginate was extracted from P. pavonica at a rate of 21.13 ± 2.47 % DW, S. cinereum at 24.08 ± 0.33 % DW g/L, T. turbinata at 17.47 ± 0.26 % DW, and D. dichotoma at a rate of 19.57 ± 3.60 % DW. The alginate extracted from D. dichotoma showed the highest antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activity.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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