Excluding livestock access to farm dams reduces methane emissions and boosts water quality.

Farm dams, also known as 'agricultural ponds', are ubiquitous features of agricultural landscapes globally. Those accessed by livestock have high methane (CH ₄ ) emissions per unit area relative to other freshwater systems. Fencing dams and installing water troughs to prevent livestock from entering the dams are promising strategies to improve water quality and substantially reduce their carbon footprints. However, previous studies only measured the effects of fencing on methane diffusive emissions without considering ebullitive fluxes (i.e., methane bubbles), which is often the dominant emission pathway in smaller water bodies. Also, data is lacking on how the benefits of fencing farm dams vary across seasons. Using Australia as a test case, this study investigates the benefit of fencing off farm dams by monitoring total CH ₄ (diffusion + ebullition) and carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) in summer and winter. Fenced dams had 72 % lower CH ₄ emissions in summer and 92 % lower in winter than unfenced dams. Similarly, CO ₂ -equivalent (CO ₂  + CH ₄ ) fluxes were lower in fenced dams by 59 % in summer and 73 % in winter. Fenced dams had higher water quality, with 51 % less total dissolved nitrogen, 57 % less phosphorous, and 23-49 % more dissolved oxygen. Average daily air temperature was a key predictor of CH ₄ emissions from farm dams, underscoring the importance of considering temporal dynamics for estimating yearly farm dam emissions. We confirmed that excluding livestock from entering farm dams using fences significantly mitigates CH ₄ emissions and enhances water quality, and these benefits are maintained seasonally.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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