Toxicological profiling of methanolic seed extract of Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet: in-vitro and in-vivo analysis.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Abutilon indicum, a shrub of the Malvaceae family, is found abundantly in tropical countries like India. A. indicum is widely used for its high medicinal properties. Traditionally, A. indicum seed powder is consumed to treat piles, constipation, chronic cystitis, gonorrhea, gleet, and pregnancy-related problems. Despite having numerous medicinal properties and widespread traditional use of A. indicum seeds, scientific validation, and toxicity studies have yet to be documented.
Aims of the Study: The primary objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive study on phytochemical profiling, in-vitro cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and in-vivo acute and sub-acute toxicity, and genotoxicity on animal models of methanolic extract of A. indicum seed (MAS).
Materials and Methods: The qualitative analysis of MAS was explored through FTIR and HR LC-MS. For in-vitro cytotoxicity, the HEK-293 cell line was used, and the TA100 (Staphylococcus typhimurium) bacterial strain was used for the Ames mutagenicity test. A single oral dose of 250, 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg body weight of MAS was given to each male and female rat for acute toxicity study and observed for 14 days for any toxicity signs. In the sub-acute toxicity study, 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg body weight of MAS was administered orally to each rat for 28 days. The experimental animals were weighed weekly, and general behavior was monitored regularly. After 28 days of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed, and different serum biochemical, hematological, and histological analyses were performed. The blood samples of different doses of MAS were used for genotoxicity study through comet assay.
Results: FTIR analysis found different functional groups, which indicated the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids. HR LC-MS analysis depicts several components with different biological functions. The cell cytotoxicity and Ames mutagenicity results showed minimal toxicity and mutagenicity up to a certain dose. The acute toxicity study conducted in Wistar albino rats demonstrated zero mortality among the animals, and the LD ₅₀ value for seed extract was determined to be 2000 mg/kg body weight. Sub-acute toxicity assessments indicated that the administration of seed extract resulted in no adverse effects at dosages of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. However, at higher doses, specifically 1000 mg/kg body weight, the liver of the experimental rats exhibited some toxic effects. In the genotoxicity study, minimal DNA damage was found in 250 and 500 mg/kg doses, respectively, but slightly greater DNA damage was found in 1000 mg/kg doses in both male and female rats.
Conclusions: The consumption of A. indicum seed powder is deemed safe; however, doses exceeding 500 mg/kg body weight may raise concerns regarding use. These findings pave the path for the creation of innovative medicines with improved efficacy and safety profiles.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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