The selection of a nitrogen precursor for the construction of N-doped titanium dioxide with enhanced photocatalytic activity for the removal of gaseous toluene.

The preparation of nitrogen-doped TiO ₂ (i.e., N-TiO ₂ ) catalysts is a highly effective option to improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO ₂ . Nonetheless, relatively little is known about the effects of dopant precursors selected for their preparation with regard to the photocatalytic efficacy. In this study, three types of dopants are selected and used as N sources (urea (U), melamine (M), and aqueous ammonia (A)) for N-TiO ₂ samples with the name codes of NTU, NTM, and NTA, respectively. The photocatalytic efficacy of these N-TiO ₂ samples is examined against toluene in a packed bed flow reactor. Under optimal conditions (e.g., relative humidity (RH) = 20% and gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) = 1698 h ^-1 ), the superiority of NTA is evident over others with a quantum efficiency (QE) of 7.03 × 10 ^-4 molecules photon ^-1 , a space time yield (STY) of 1.38 × 10 ^-4 molecules photon ^-1 mg ^-1 , and a specific clean air delivery rate (SCADR) of 1148.8 L g ^-1 h ^-1 . The analysis based on in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry confirms the formation of several intermediates such as benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, and alkane species through ring opening reactions. In addition, the prepared NTA photocatalyst exhibits the highest toluene photocatalytic degradation efficiency among all TiO ₂ -based catalysts surveyed to date. Overall, this study offers as a valuable guideline for the development of advanced TiO ₂ catalytic systems (such as N-TiO ₂ ) for the treatment of aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor air.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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