Evaluating the effects of the CERES-Rice model to simulate upland rice ( Oryza sativa L.) yield under different plant density and nitrogen management strategies in Fogera Plain, Northwest Ethiopia.

This study assessed the optimal nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate and planting density for the well-adapted upland rice cultivar NERICA_4 on the Fogera Plain. The primary objective was to evaluate the effects of varied planting densities and N-fertilizer rates on upland rice yield and other agronomic parameters. A two-year field study (2020 and 2021) was conducted at the Fogera Rice Research Field Station, testing nine plant densities (75, 87, and 98; 72, 82, and 91; 70, 79, and 89 plants per m ² and two N rates (115 and 138 kg N ha ^-1 ). The Crop Simulation Model Crop Environment Resource Synthesis (CSM-CERES-Rice) within the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) framework was calibrated and validated using site-specific weather, soil, crop, and agronomic management data from the experiment. Results on the subsequent RMSE, RMSEn, and d index values during the calibration phase were 0.074 t ha ^-1 , 1.82 %, and 0.86 of grain yield; 0.307 t ha ^-1 , 3.36 %, and 0.87 of by-product yield; 0.489 t ha ^-1 , 3.74 %, and 0.79 of top dry biomass yield; and 0.28, 8.24 %, and 0.63 of leaf area index values, respectively. Whereas results on the corresponding RMSE, RMSEn, and d index values during the evaluation phase were: 0.58 t ha ^-1 , 1.33 %, and 0.90 of grain yield; 0.69 t ha ^-1 , 0.58 %, and 0.99 of by-product yield; 0.678 t ha ^-1 , 4.36 %, and 0.67 of top dry biomass yield; and 0.75, 13.92 %, and 0.74 of leaf area index, respectively. The findings of the long-term simulation showed that a 23 % increase in grain yield was achieved with 138 kg N ha ^-1 and 87 plants per m ² of planting density, as compared to 115 kg N ha ^-1 and 75 plants per m ² of plant density. The recommended optimum plant density and N fertilizer rate were 138 kg N ha ^-1 with PD2 of plant density for upland rice production in the Fogera Plain.
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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