Antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory potential in flowers and seeds of Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr.

This study explored, for the first time, the antioxidant (total antioxidant content, reducing power, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, hydroxyl radical scavenging, ferrous ion-chelating assays), anti-tyrosinase, anti-inflammatory properties, and hepatoprotective effect in HepG2 cell lines of Ochna integerrima (Loureiro) Merrill flowers and seeds. All extracts except n -hexane exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with high levels of tannin and proanthocyanidins. Luteolin ( 1 ), 6- γ , γ -dimethylallylkaempferol7- O - β -d-glucopyranoside ( 2 ), 6- γ , γ -dimethylallylquercetin7- O - β -d-glucopyranoside ( 3 ), and 6- γ , γ -dimethylallyldihydrokaempferol 7- O - β -d-glucopyranoside ( 4 ) were isolated using semi-preparative HPLC. Compounds 1 - 3 demonstrated good anti-tyrosinase activity. The most active hepatoprotective extracts were found to be aqueous extracts. The flower extracts exhibited greater anti-inflammatory properties by the decrease of NO in RAW 264.7 cells and bovine serum albumin protein. Among them, the n -hexane and EtOAc extracts from flowers displayed promising anti-inflammatory activity. This was predicted by in silico analysis of 1 - 4 . In summary, O. integerrima appears to be a promising natural source for antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-inflammatory applications.