Assessing the performance of a robust multiparametric wearable patch integrating silicon-based sensors for real-time continuous monitoring of sweat biomarkers.

The development of wearable devices for sweat analysis has experienced significant growth in the last two decades, being the main focus the monitoring of athletes health during workouts. One of the main challenges of these approaches has been to attain the continuous monitoring of sweat for time periods over 1 h. This is the main challenge addressed in this work by designing an analytical platform that combines the high performance of potentiometric sensors and a fluidic structure made of a plastic fabric into a multiplexed wearable device. The platform comprises Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors (ISFETs) manufactured on silicon, a tailor-made solid-state reference electrode, and a temperature sensor integrated into a patch-like polymeric substrate, together with the component that easily collects and drives samples under continuous capillary flow to the sensor areas. ISFET sensors for measuring pH, sodium, and potassium ions were fully characterized in artificial sweat solutions, providing reproducible and stable responses. Then, the real-time and continuous monitoring of the biomarkers in sweat with the wearable platform was assessed by comparing the ISFETs responses recorded during an 85-min continuous exercise session with the concentration values measured using commercial Ion-Selective Electrodes (ISEs) in samples collected at certain times during the session. The developed sensing platform enables the continuous monitoring of biomarkers and facilitates the study of the effects of various real working conditions, such as cycling power and skin temperature, on the target biomarker concentration levels.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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