Left-Right Asymmetry in Invertebrates: From Molecules to Organisms.

Although most animals appear symmetric externally, they exhibit chirality within their body cavity, i.e., in terms of asymmetric organ position, directional organ looping, and lateralized organ function. Left-right (LR) asymmetry is determined genetically by intricate molecular interactions that occur during development. Key genes have been elucidated in several species. There are common mechanisms in vertebrates and invertebrates, but some appear to exhibit unique mechanisms. This review focuses on LR asymmetry formation in invertebrates, particularly Drosophila , ascidians, and mollusks. It aims to understand the role of the genes that are key to creating LR asymmetry and how chirality information is converted/transmitted across the hierarchies from molecules to cells and from cells to tissues.