Investigating the acidophilic microbial community's adaptation for enhancement indium bioleaching from high pulp density shredded discarded LCD panels.

As part of electronic waste (e-waste), the fastest growing solid waste stream in the world, discarded liquid crystal displays (LCDs) contain substantial amounts of both valuable and potentially harmful metal, offering valuable opportunities for resource extraction but posing environmental threats. The present comprehensive study is an investigation into the bioleaching of indium from discarded LCD panels, with a particular focus on high pulp density shredded (Sh-LCDs) and powdered (P-LCDs) materials. This study involved an acidophilic consortium, with two pathways, namely the mixed sulfur-iron pathways and sulfur pathways, being explored to understand the bioleaching mechanisms. Indium bioleaching efficiencies through the mixed sulfur-iron pathway were approximately 60% and 100% for Sh-LCDs and P-LCDs, respectively. Three mechanisms were involved in the extraction of indium from LCD samples: acidolysis, complexolysis, and redoxolysis. The microbial community adapted to a pulp density of 32.5 g/L was streak-plated and it was revealed that sulfur-oxizing bacteria dominated, resulting in the minimum indium extraction of 10% and 55% for both Sh-LCDs and P-LCDs samples, respectively. It was generally accepted that ferric ions as oxidants were effective for indium bioleaching from both the Sh-LCDs and P-LCDs. This implies that the cooperation or interaction within the microbial community used in the bioleaching process had a beneficial impact, enhancing the overall effectiveness of extracting indium from LCD panels. The adapted consortium utilizes a combination of microbial transformation, efflux systems, and chelation through extracellular substances to detoxify heavy metals. The adapted microbial community demonstrated better indium leaching efficiency (50%) compared to the non-adapted microbial community which achieved a maximum of 29% and 5% respectively from Sh-LCDs and P-LCDs at a pulp density of 32.5 g/L. The advantages of an adapted microbial community for indium leaching efficiency, attributing this advantage to factors such as high metabolic activity and improved tolerance to heavy metals. Additionally, the protective role of the biofilm formed by the adapted microbial community is particularly noteworthy, as it contributes to the community's resilience in the presence of inhibitory substances. This information is valuable for understanding and optimizing bioleaching processes for indium recovery, and by extension to possibly other metals.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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