Biogenic silver nanoparticles from fungal sources: Synthesis, characterization, and antifungal potential.

Nano-biotechnology is quickly developing as an important field of modern research, generating the most promising applications in medicine and agriculture. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using biogenic or green approach provide ecofriendly, clean and effective way out for the synthesis of nanoparticles. The main aim of the study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Pencillium chrysogenum using a green approach and to test the antifungal activity of these synthesized AgNPs against a variety of pathogenic fungi. The characterization of samples was done by using UV-visible spectroscopy, SEM (scanning electron microscopy), FTIR (Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy), and XRD (X-ray diffractometry). The investigation confirmed the creation of AgNPs by the fungi Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Pencillium chrysogenum, as evidenced by prominent plasmon absorbance bands at 420 and 450 nm.The biosynthesized AgNPs were 80-100 nm in size, asymmetrical in shape and became spherical to sub-spherical when aggregated. Agar well diffusion method was performed to evaluate the antifungal activity of AgNPs against various plant pathogenic fungi. An efficient and strong antifungal activity was shown by these biosynthesized nanoparticles against serious plant pathogenic fungi, viz. Aspergillus terreus, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium citrinum, Rhizopus stolonifer and Mucor mucedo. The biosynthesized AgNPs at various concentrations caused significant zone of inhibition in the test fungal pathogens. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesized from Aspergillus niger at highest concentrations showed maximum zone of inhibition against Penicillium citrinum (19.33 ± 0.57 mm) followed by Rhizopus stolonifer (17.66 ± 0.57), Aspergillus terreus (16.33 ± 1.54 mm), Fusarium oxysporum (14.00 ± 1.00 mm) and Mucor mucedo (13.33 ± 1.15 mm) respectively. Therefore, the findings clearly indicate that silver nanoparticles could play a significant role in managing diverse plant diseases caused by fungi.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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