FePO 4 .2H 2 O recovery from acidic phosphate-rich waste streams.

Phosphorous not only needs to be removed to prevent eutrophication of wastewater effluent receiving surface water bodies, but it also has to be recovered as a scarce finite reserve. Phosphorus chemical precipitation as NH ₄ MgPO ₄ ·6H ₂ O, Ca ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ , or Fe ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ ·8H ₂ O is the most common method of phosphorus recovery from phosphorus-rich streams. These minerals ideally form under neutral to alkaline pH conditions, making acidic streams problematic for their formation due to the need for pH adjustments. This study proposes FePO ₄ .2H ₂ O (strengite-like compounds) recovery from acidic streams due to its simplicity and high efficiency, while also avoiding the need for pH-adjusting chemicals. The effect of initial pH, temperature, Fe (III) dosing rates, and Fe (II) dosage under different oxidation conditions (pO ₂ = 0.2, 1, 1.5 bar, different H ₂ O ₂ dosing rates) on phosphorus recovery percentage and product settleability were evaluated in this study. The precipitates formed were analyzed using optical microscopy, SEM, XRD, SQUID, Raman, and ICP. Experiments showed that Fe (III) dosing achieved phosphorus recovery of over 95 % at an initial pH of 3 or higher, and the product exhibited poor settleability in all initial pH (1.5-5), and temperature (20-80 °C) tests. On the other hand, Fe (II) dosage instead of Fe (III) resulted in good product settleability but varying phosphorus recovery percentages depending on the oxidation conditions. The novelty of the study lies in revealing that the Fe (II) oxidation rate serves as a crucial process-design parameter, significantly enhancing product settleability without the requirement of carrier materials or crystallizers. The study proposes a novel strategy with controlled Fe ²⁺ -H ₂ O ₂ dosing, identifying an Fe (II) oxidation rate of 4.7 × 10 ^-4 mol/l/min as the optimal rate for achieving over 95 % total phosphorus recovery, along with excellent settleability with a volumetric index equal to only 8 ml/gP.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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